Sep 13, 2018-2019
Iran
Women Attend Football
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ACTIVISTS/ACT.GROUPS/DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUP
Iranian women
TARGET
Conservative government; ministry of sports
WIDELY HELD BELIEF
Women like men have equal rights to gather in public sports events. Stopping them is interfering with their freedom.
CASE NARRATIVE
Issue and Opponent: Women have been banned from attending sporting events in Iranian stadiums since 1979. The Iranian government insisted on banning women from stadiums due to the vulgar insults and assaults of men during games that are unfit for women to be around.
Dilemma Action: Unable to go to football matches as women, Iranian women dressed as men to gain entry to the stadiums. They wore men’s clothing and wore or painted on fake facial hair. As they dress in men’s clothing, the women also posted videos of themselves on social media to show their defiance of the ban to the world. However, due to the poor quality of their fake facial hair and makeup, along with their long hair, the women were denied entry. This action has gained extensive coverage both in Iranian media and international media as well. While most women were discovered to be faking, one woman was able to gain entry into the stadium under the guise of being a man. Photographs of her in the stadium have gone viral on social media around the world.
Outcomes: Suspects of those who broke the ban were taken in for questioning by the police and detained overnight. A judge issued a bond for these women, however, they were not released and were transported to Qarchak prison. FIFA issued a statement calling on Iranian authorities to protect the freedom and safety of women as they protest this ban. No concessions have been made.
PRIMARY STRUGGLE/GOAL
NONVIOLENT TACTICS USED
DA TACTICS USED
Social disobedience
CASE NARRATIVE WRITER
SUCCESS METRICS
10 / 12
(EREP) Dilemma action got replicated by other movements
(MC) Media Coverage
(MSYMP) Media coverage was sympathetic to the activists
(OR) Opponent response
(PS) Dilemma action built sympathy with the public
(PUN) Punishment favored the activists
(REFR) Dilemma action reframed the narrative of the opponent
(RF) Dilemma action reduced fear and/or apathy among the activists
(SA) Dilemma action appealed to a broad segment of the public
Laugtivism
PART OF A LARGER CAMPAIGN
3 / 3
Activist group continued working together after the action
Encouraged more participants to join the movement
Internally replicated by the same movement
RESOURCES
Project documentation
Dilemma Actions Coding Guidebook
Case study documentation
Dilemma_Actions_Analysis_Dataset
SOURCES
https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/iran-says-presence-of-women-in-sports-events-not-advisable-2019-90105/. Accessed April 15, 2022.
Sohngen, Tess. 2017. “In Iran, Women Were Banned From Attending a Soccer Game Because They’re Women,” Global Citizen. Retrieved July 23, 2023. (https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/iranian-women-banned-from-football-match/).
Human Rights Watch. 2019. “Iran: Women Detained, Accused of Flouting Stadium Ban: FIFA Should Enforce Nondiscrimination Rules, Secure Women’s Release,” August 16. Retrieved July 23, 2023. (https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/16/iran-women-detained-accused-flouting-stadium-ban).
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