Apr 25, 1965-1965
United States of America
Philadelphia Gay Rights Activists Stage Sit-In at Dewey’s Restaurant
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ACTIVISTS/ACT.GROUPS/DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUP
Janus Society
TARGET
Dewey's Restaurant
WIDELY HELD BELIEF
Restaurants are public places and no one should be banned from entering them based on sexual orientation.
CASE NARRATIVE
Issue and Opponent: Two of Dewey’s restaurants, a hamburger chain in Philadelphia, became popular LGBT gathering spots in the mid-60s. However, there were multiple word-of-mouth reports in the community of people being refused service at chain locations due to gender presentation and sexual preference.
Dilemma Action: The widely held belief forming the core of this dilemma action was that people shouldn’t be refused service for being gay, trans, or presenting their gender differently. Three teenagers who were refused service on such grounds staged a sit-in on April 25th, 1965, and were arrested for disorderly conduct. The tactic used was a sit-in. The lose-lose of this situation was to respond violently and lose customers, or not respond at all to the sit-in and allow the service of people who they wanted to bar from the establishment.
Outcomes: Response of the opponent, media coverage, response by the public, and impact on the activists. In response to the arrests of the initial sit-in, the Janus Society demonstrated outside the restaurant distributing fliers to passersby. On May 2nd, a copycat sit-in was staged by three other patrons in response to being denied service. The Janus Society reported that the sit-ins and the resulting controversy prevented further arrests and stopped denials of service on the grounds of sexual or gender identity.
PRIMARY STRUGGLE/GOAL
NONVIOLENT TACTICS USED
DA TACTICS USED
Sit-in
CASE NARRATIVE WRITER
SUCCESS METRICS
5 / 12
(CONC) Concessions were made
(MC) Media Coverage
(MSYMP) Media coverage was sympathetic to the activists
(OR) Opponent response
(PUN) Punishment favored the activists
PART OF A LARGER CAMPAIGN
0 / 3
RESOURCES
Project documentation
Dilemma Actions Coding Guidebook
Case study documentation
Dilemma_Actions_Analysis_Dataset
SOURCES
Frye, Alex. 2011. “Philadelphian gay rights activists stage first sit-in at Dewey’s restaurant, 1965,” Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/philadelphian-gay-rights-activists-stage-first-sit-deweys-restaurant-1965).
Stein, Marc. 2005. “The First Gay Sit-in Happened 40 Years Ago,” Philadelphia Gay News, May 9. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (http://hnn.us/articles/11652.html).
Stein, Marc. 2004. “City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945-1972,” Temple University Press. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://tupress.temple.edu/books/city-of-sisterly-and-brotherly-loves).
Stein, Marc. 2015. “Dewey’s Sit-in in Philadelphia, 1965,” Out History It’s About Time. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/deweys-sit-in/documents).
Ferentinos, Susan. 2016. “Dewey’s Lunch Counter Sit-In,” Rutgers University. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/deweys-lunch-counter-sit-in/).
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