Nov 1, 1929-1929
Nigeria
Aba Women’s Riot/Rebellion/War
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ACTIVISTS/ACT.GROUPS/DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUP
Igbo Women
TARGET
British Colonial Government of Nigeria
WIDELY HELD BELIEF
“The Igbo market women, responsible for supplying food to the growing urban populations in towns like Calabar, Owerri, and neighbouring cities, believed that the tax would destroy their business and affect food supply. They, therefore, asked that they should be exempted […]”
CASE NARRATIVE
Issue and Opponent: This DA addressed the British authority in Nigeria and West Africa during the colonial period. The roots of the riots evolved from January 1, 1914, when the first Nigerian colonial governor, Lord Lugard, instituted the system of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. Under this plan, British administrators would rule locally through warrant chiefs, essentially Igbo individuals appointed by the governor. They seized property, imposed draconian local regulations, and imprisoned anyone who criticized them. They also announced plans to impose special taxes on the Igbo market women. Dilemma Action: The women opposed the decree of taxation, refusing to pay the tax or welcome anyone into their homes to count their properties. Around 25000 women surrounded government buildings, chanting and dancing, protesting the warrant chiefs and the taxes imposed on them. Outcome: The rebellion destroyed several properties and government infrastructure. More than 50 were killed. The colonial authorities ultimately abandoned their plans and limited the power of the warrant chiefs. This is considered the fiercest resistance in the African colonies against British colonization, and although the women’s rebellion did not end colonialism at that very instant, it inspired other minority groups across Africa to protest their existing condition and the struggle for independence.
PRIMARY STRUGGLE/GOAL
NONVIOLENT TACTICS USED
DA TACTICS USED
Refusal to pay fees/dues/and assessments
CASE NARRATIVE WRITER
SUCCESS METRICS
8 / 12
(CONC) Concessions were made
(EREP) Dilemma action got replicated by other movements
(OR) Opponent response
(PS) Dilemma action built sympathy with the public
(PUN) Punishment favored the activists
(REFR) Dilemma action reframed the narrative of the opponent
(RF) Dilemma action reduced fear and/or apathy among the activists
(SA) Dilemma action appealed to a broad segment of the public
PART OF A LARGER CAMPAIGN
3 / 3
Activist group continued working together after the action
Encouraged more participants to join the movement
Internally replicated by the same movement
RESOURCES
Project documentation
Dilemma Actions Coding Guidebook
Case study documentation
Dilemma_Actions_Analysis_Dataset
SOURCES
Taylor, Mildred Europa. 2018. “How Africa’s Largest Tax Rebellion by Igbo Market Women Disrupted Colonisation in 1929,” Face2Face Africa, October 9. Retrieved July 13, 2023. (https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-africas-largest-tax-rebellion-by-igbo-market-women-disrupted-colonisation-in-1929).
Evans, Marissa. “Aba Women’s Riots (November-December 1929),” Blackpast, March 27. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/aba-womens-riots-november-december-1929/).
Kentake, Meserette. 2015. “The Aba Women’s War,” Kentake Page, November 18. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://kentakepage.com/the-aba-womens-war/).
Matera, Marc, Misty L Bastian, S. Kingsley Kent, and Susan Kingsley Kent. The Women’s War Of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011.
Dorward, D. C. “The Igbo “Women’s War” of 1929 Documents Relating to the Aba Riots in Eastern Nigeria,” Retreieved July 20, 2023. (https://www.worldcat.org/title/igbo-womens-war-of-1929-documents-relating-to-the-aba-riots-in-eastern-nigeria/oclc/53634909).
Agozino, Biko. 2011. “Revolutionary African Women: A Review Essay of The Women’s War of 1929: A History of Anti-Colonial Resistance in Eastern Nigeria,” Durham: Carolina Academic Press. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol7no3/7.3-19-Agozino.pdf).
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